When in doubt, if a particular issue isn’t covered here, it’s worth checking what we’ve done on the site before. Remember, however, that style evolves and some specifics may have changed – notably in such things as capital initials (this website is on the internet), full points (viz US), and the ownership of RJ Reynolds.
a
abbreviations and acronyms – generally, spell out an abbreviation or acronym in full on first use, with the shorter form in brackets immediately thereafter: Tobacco Products Directive (TPD). This may not be necessary with very well-known terms, such as NASDAQ or UNESCO (who knows or cares what they actually stand for?) but always err on the side of spelling out. An MP to an American reader is as likely to be a military policeman as a member of parliament. In long pieces you may choose to spell out the full name several times in the course of the text, indicating the abbreviation/acronym in brackets each time. This may help readers who have forgotten what an earlier-mentioned acronym stands for, or who have dived into the middle of the article.
accents – most of those you might need are provided by WordPress – just look under “Special character” (marked Ω in the toolbar above). Otherwise, if you don’t know how to reproduce an accent or other diacritical mark, just ignore it; don’t try to simulate it.
acknowledged – be careful of this, as it implies that a speaker is perhaps reluctantly admitting something we know to be true; better to use a simple said or suggested (see also pointed out, below)
ACNielsen is now just Nielsen
acronyms should be in lower-case if commonly pronounced as words – e.g. Anvisa, DG-Santé, Evali; initialisms, in which each letter is pronounced, are in upper-case (and note this includes the WHO)
acts and bills – a bill is a proposed piece of legislation; an act is a piece of legislation passed into law. Both terms are lower-case, except in the names of specific items of legislation. The act bans ostrich-flavoured e-liquid. He is sponsoring the Protection of Ostriches Bill (note the use of initial capitals)
administration (meaning a particular government in power) – lower-case – Trump administration
advertisement / advertising – an advertisement is a physical thing such as a poster, printed ad or TV commercial; the abstract noun for the practice of using advertisements is advertising
adviser
age ranges (of people) – spell out – they are in their thirties
AIO – spell out all-in-one in full on first mention (AIO in brackets)
Alexa – not alexa.com
among – not amongst
ampersand (&) – only use in company, product etc names – never in normal text or headlines
animals, gender of – where the gender of an animal is unknown (as will almost always be the case when reporting scientific research involving animal subjects), it’s fine to use it. Of course, where gender is self-evident, you can use he or she. The hen protects her chicks, the wolf guards its lair
anti-smoking
anti-social
anti-trust
any more – two words
API = active pharmaceutical ingredient, and should be spelled out first time
appendices – number them in Arabic numerals
Arabian Gulf not Persian Gulf
Arabic names – because of the different alphabet, there are no absolute rules for the transliteration of Arabic names into English (hence the well-known example of the variations al-Qaeda, al-Qaida, etc). Use whichever spelling a person prefers, if that is known, or seems to be most widely employed. An Arabic name consists of one or more forenames and a surname; use only the surname after first reference: Habib Abdul Kader Sharif becomes Sharif
arch-rival
Argentine not Argentinian – but the country is Argentina, not the Argentine
Asda (not ASDA) is the British retailer
Asia Pacific is unhyphenated
at the moment – unless it really means right now, prefer at present or currently
attorney general, attorneys general, AG, AGs
attribution – it is not necessary to state that remarks were made in a press release, at a conference, in an interview etc unless the place they were made is informative to the reader. Plain old said usually suffices, though in the case of an exclusive interview, told ECigIntelligence can highlight the exclusivity
audiovisual
Australia has six states and two territories. Be careful to describe each correctly
avoid: platform, space to mean market, always (it rarely is), never (it rarely is), unique (it rarely is), allegedly, well-known (referring to a fact – either it is, in which case the reader doesn’t need telling, or it isn’t; when referring to the status of a brand, a place, etc within a certain market, well-known is fine)
b
B2B, meaning business-to-business, as opposed to B2C (business-to-consumer). But avoid the latter
banned locations – when we list places where public vaping is banned, it’s good to put the most important first, in terms of impact on consumers (and therefore demand)
bar, pub – pub should be used only for the specifically British/Irish phenomenon. Use bar for all other kinds of alcohol-focused establishments, or more specific alternatives such as nightclub, cafe etc
Benelux denotes Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg; explain this onames – on first mention, Jane Doe, John Smith etc, thereafter just Doe, Smith – no need to clutter things up with Mr, Ms, Dr, Prof or any other titlen first use
best-seller, best-selling
bidi
Big Tobacco – capped to avoid ambiguity. Essentially this term refers to the major multinational cigarette producers; a big tobacco firm might not be a Big Tobacco firm
bilateral
billion – a thousand million. Abbreviated bn: 3bn (note no space)
bipartisan
birthdate
bloodstream
Blu – with initial cap (but note Myblu)
board, board of directors is lower-case
brackets should be round (thus) unless they are used to indicate a paraphrase or clarification in directly reported speech, as in “Jose [Mourinho, the Manchester United manager] had better watch out,” he said.
breakeven – adjective (breakeven point); break even – verb (we hope to break even)
breakout – noun; break out – verb
breakthrough – noun; break through – verb
breakup – noun; break up – verb
bricks-and-mortar (to indicate shop-based retail). Plural, and hyphenated
Bronze, Silver, Gold, Platinum subscribers – capped
British Columbia, not Colombia. The provincial capital is Victoria (not Vancouver), on Vancouver Island
bubble gum
bullet points – We love bullet points, especially in our longer reports. But writing ordinary prose and then putting a bullet at the beginning of every paragraph does not magically create a concise bulleted list!
Ideally, each item in a bullet-pointed list should be no more than two or three lines of text in Word (though longer is acceptable in executive summaries), and there should be no more than about five bullet points in a series; too many and they lose their impact.
Bullet points also gain much of their value from their contrast with ordinary continuous prose. For this reason, it’s not ideal to have a whole section of a report consisting entirely of bullet points, let alone a whole report.
When in doubt, write prose. When you can express your meaning on one aspect of a topic perfectly in a sentence or two, or when you’re simply listing things, consider bullet points.
business names – capped (The Little Vape Shop, not The Little vape shop). Very rare exceptions are names like iPod
buyout – noun; buy out – verb
by-product
bylaw
bylines – go at the end of the article in this form:
– Barnaby Page ECigIntelligence staff
This is in addition to the byline at the top automatically inserted by WordPress.
Multiple bylines are in the form:
– Barnaby Page and Freddie Dawson ECigIntelligence staff
or
– Freddie Dawson ECigIntelligence staff and Jane Jones marketing manager, WonderCigs
It looks a bit indulgent to byline more than two or three people on a single article, unless it’s a truly major piece of work that will bring down governments, change the course of civilisation and so on. When only “ECigIntelligence staff” is bylined, it’s not italicised.
c
c-store – lower-case c, but spell out convenience store on first use (and see convenience store below)
CAGR – compound annual growth rate – spell out on first use
Canada has provinces and territories. Be careful to describe each correctly
cannabis – there’s a great deal of confusion around over the terms cannabis, hemp and marijuana, which are often used as if they were interchangeable: media outlets and regulators may be as guilty in this respect as hippies and CBD retailers. We, however, need to be as clear and unambiguous as we can. So:
- Avoid using marijuana unless it’s absolutely unavoidable – in most cases it’s either recreational cannabis or medical cannabis; in any case it’s cannabis.
- Use hemp only for the plant, unless referring to the product known as hemp oil, or to the fibres used in ropes or clothing; industrial hemp may be used to distinguish strains of the plant that are low in THC and grown for other purposes.
- Cannabis, or Cannabis sativa, is generally the plant in all its forms – but as the word is widely used for the drug extracted from it, when talking about extracting other things (e.g. CBD), it’s best always to stipulate the cannabis plant.
- In general, avoid using cannabis without an appropriate descriptive phrase, e.g, the recreational drug cannabis, medicinal cannabis, or cannabis used to treat pain.
- When specifying the particular species, it should always be named as Cannabis sativa or Cannabis sativa L – exactly like that, with capital initial and in italics. (Two other species, Cannabis indica and Cannabis ruderalis, are unlikely to be relevant to us, but the distinction is.)
capitalisation of names: generally, company, organisation and product names should have an initial cap and then be lower-case, but variations such as internal caps are fine where the name is genuinely better known and more recognisable that way (iPod). All caps is best avoided but may be used for short names up to, say, four or five characters if that is the way the company presents its name and it looks odd in upper-and-lower case; but it is unlikely to be the best option for longer ones (Skycigs not SKYCIGS). Acronyms/abbreviations can always be capped throughout, however long they are.
- Terms such as “global positioning system”, “contiguous land area”, “industrial hemp” etc don’t require initial caps, unless in direct quote from a written source – and neither does the Department.
cashflow
Catalonia not Catalunya
CBD (cannabidiol) – it’s not technically accurate to say it has no psychoactive effects, so don’t; you can say it’s non-intoxicating, that it doesn’t produce a psychoactive “high”, or that it has no psychoactive effect comparable to THC
It is not necessary, either in reports or news stories on CBD-Intel to explain what CBD is – any more than we preface every report on ECigIntelligence with a definition of nicotine…
CDC – the correct full name is the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (spell out in full first time)
CEO – no need to spell out chief executive officer in full
Ceylon is properly Sri Lanka; the adjective/demonym is Sri Lankan
Channel 4
checklist
checkout, as a noun in the sense of a retail (or e-commerce) transaction
chemist – use pharmacy or pharmacist for the retail sense. Chemist is of course acceptable to describe somebody who engages in chemistry as a science
child-proof
China means the People’s Republic of China in our context. The full name may be necessary to avoid confusion in stories that also mention Taiwan, in which case PRC is an acceptable abbreviation after first use of the full name
Chinese names – after first reference, use the first name (this is the surname or family name), not the last. Thus Hsu Wen-lung on first mention, Hsu thereafter. However, some Chinese people take Western forenames – Jerry Li – and in that case their names should be treated as Western names, i.e. Li after first mention
Chinese provinces – the word province is lower-case, e.g. Jiangsu province
cigalike – just like this, no hyphens
cite a reference, don’t site it
cities (British) – we ignore the old convention that only certain large conurbations in the UK can be referred to as cities. If it looks, sounds and smells like a city, it is one
city council, county council, town council unless you are using the exact name of an actual body
City of London should be capped when referring to the financial district, or more generally to the British stock-trading, banking, etc industries. Compare Wall Street
CJEU (European Court of Justice) – use ECJ, but spell out on first use
click here – it’s best for linked text to read like an ordinary sentence, rather than an instruction to “click here”. So, rather than to read our report, click here, try something like our report on Ruritania covers this in detail
CMR – means (substances that are) “carcinogenic, mutagenic, or reprotoxic” and should be spelled out in full on first mention
co-author
co-brand
co-exist
co-founder
co-operate
co-ordinate
code-named
coffee shop
combustibles – a good way to distinguish traditional cigarettes, which are burned, but not the right way to refer to heated-tobacco consumables, which by definition are not combusted
commercialise – use sell, unless you mean “to make commercial”
commercialisation = sale
Common Entry Gate (EU platform for submitting product notifications under the TPD)
common sense
Commonwealth – cap C for the British one
companies and other organisations are generally singular, except where the reference to the company clearly refers to its employees as a group: PMI is looking ahead, Acme Vapes are a nice bunch of guys
company and organisation names – the preferred style is the company’s own. If in doubt, the spelling used in ordinary text (rather than logos) on their web pages is a good reference. (Note that some companies aren’t consistent themselves, in which case we just have to make a choice, opt for one style/spelling, and stick with it.)
Companies whose house style is all lower-case still get an initial cap for clarity. We don’t use Ltd, PLC, Corp, Inc, AG, SA, SpA, Pty, etc at the end of company names, unless it is necessary in complex financial/legal stories to distinguish between different entities.
compared with / to – than is often simpler and better
compass points are generally lower-case and unhyphenated, e.g. north, southwest, and the same applies when they are used as modifiers in the name of a more-or-less vague region: eastern Europe, western Canada. But they are capped when used as nouns in a well-known region name, e.g. Middle East, and of course in the names of continents.
competence / competency – usually means authority, and is better expressed that way (local governments have the authority to ban smoking in public places)
comprise – see include and comprise
concerning, regarding, with respect to – almost always redundant (concerning e-cigs, they are – why not just e-cigs are…?)
Congress (US) – non-Americans may not understand abbreviations like John Smith (Rep., Ky.). Spell it out: John Smith, the Republican representative from Kentucky
Congress, House of Representatives, Senate (US). All capped
Continent, the – use continental Europe or (better) mainland Europe to refer to the main landmass. This should only arise in stories where the UK is going against the grain and needs to be contrasted with the rest of Europe. As if!
consumables – see combustibles above
contraindications
convenience store – a small retail business that stocks a range of everyday items such as groceries, snack foods, confectionery etc. A tobacconist, being a specialist, is not a convenience store
COP8 – no hyphen
counties (British) – don’t append “-shire”. Devon, not Devonshire. The word “county” isn’t used (Norfolk not Norfolk county or county Norfolk), though of course you can explain it’s a county if necessary
counties (Irish) – the term county comes before the name of the county, and is capped. Thus County Cork, not Cork County. But counties as a generic term remains lower-case
counties (US) – the term County is appended and capped when speaking of a specific county, as in Westchester County. But counties as a generic term remains lower-case
crescendo – a crescendo in music is the process of getting louder, not the loudest point. Thus, things should not reach a crescendo when what you probably mean is reach a climax.
criteria is plural – the singular, should you really need it, is criterion
cross-sell
crowd-funding
currencies – where a sum of money in a not-widely-familiar currency is of major importance to an article, give it in the local currency using the standard three-letter abbreviation, then an approximation in US dollars and euro in brackets, rounding to a sensible nearby sum. So, XFJ2.05 ($3.50, €2.50).
We do not need to be obsessive about this. For example, if you are mentioning a long series of price points in an article, you could convert just the first one. This is particularly applicable where the point being made concerns comparative rather than absolute figures (e.g. the costs of different kinds of products within a particular market).
You can use the £, $ and € symbols; otherwise use the standard three-letter abbreviation for the currency, e.g. CAD for Canadian dollars, AUD for Australian dollars. (An unusual exception is Taiwan – NT$.) In articles about Canada and Australia, if you are referring to US dollars, use USD.
currency conversion – approximate the converted figure to the same number of decimal points as the original. So, $17.6m becomes €16.6m, but $23m becomes €22m (not €21.7m). The only exceptions are when either figure falls right on, or very close to, .5 – in which case you might want to leave that figure as .5. Obviously, this rule applies less and less the smaller the figure (it’s probably worth pointing out that $2 is only €1.90, rather than rounding the latter figure up).
cut-off
cutback
Covid-19 – may, for variety, also be referred to as coronavirus
Czech Republic – cap R. The adjectival form is Czech
d
DC (not D.C.) – the District of Columbia in the US – is not a state
dashes – between words, always use a long (en) dash, like that one, not a less-attractive hyphen like that one
dates are in the format 1st January 2001
death – avoid euphemisms like passed away. As a broad rule, there is no need to refer to the cause of an individual’s death unless it is germane to the subject at hand
decades – 1990s etc
deregulation – no hyphen
diseases – their names are treated as normal English words, even if they are in Latin. Thus he suffered from bronchiolitis obliterans
distance sales are any sales where the purchaser is at a distance from the seller, so they include old-fashioned mail order as well as online; all cross-border sales are distance sales, but not necessarily vice-versa
distribution generally refers to wholesale; when discussing retail, use “retailing”, “sales channels” or similar
DIY – no need to spell out do-it-yourself in full
doctor is preferred to physician or MD or GP as a general term for a medical doctor; if a more precise term is applicable, use it
down under to mean Australasia – not capped
Dr X, Mr Y, Professor Z etc – not necessary
drugstore – use pharmacy
due to – usually, because is better. Due to the fact that is especially wordy
e
earnings, in a corporate-finance context, is broadly synonymous with profit and should not be used to indicate merely a revenue stream
EBITDA stands for earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation. It is a common accounting concept but should be spelled out on first use. The concept is useful in measuring the underlying profitability of a company as opposed to its actual cash earnings in a given year.
ECigIntelligence – refer to us exactly that way. Note the internal caps and that we don’t use the .com when referring to the publication. (This is in case we want to repurpose material in print, launch other services within country domains, etc.) Do not use ECI, ECigIntel, E-cigIntelligence or any other variant, in any circumstances.
ECJ (European Court of Justice) – not CJEU
e-commerce
ecosystem – but try not to use it too much
eGo style – not Ego
E-Lites – note the capital L
ellipses – no space after or before them. We will fight…and we will win
email lower-case and unhyphenated
email addresses are lower-case, e.g. [email protected], unless an extremely long address requires internal caps for legibility, e.g. [email protected]. ECigIntelligence always has internal caps, of course.
end point
English – we use British English, by default. But if you are quoting directly from something written in another variant of the language (e.g. American English) you do not need to change its spelling. And, obviously, we never change the spelling of proper names such as those of businesses or organisations.
etc – no full point
euro – the plural is also euro
euro cent – two words
European Commission, then EC or Commission in later references
European Union, then EU in later references: never European [Economic] Community/EEC. (The name changed with ratification of the Maastricht treaty in 1993)
eurozone
Evali – if writing out in full, it’s e-cigarette, or vaping, product use associated lung injury; however, it may be paraphrased as vaping-associated lung injury, or Evali (but note that it’s injury, not illness)
excerpts need to be short enough to fit the synopsis space on the site – about tweet length – and end appropriately
expiration = breathing out; for all other purposes prefer expiry
extrajudicial
eye-catching
f
FD&C Act – spell out Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act first time, and note the singulars
fieldwork
first amendment (to the US Constitution) – lower-case
FMCG – fast-moving consumer goods – although a very familiar term in marketing, it’s probably best to spell this out on first use. The category includes e-cigarettes and tobacco products
fold – two-fold, three-fold etc – hyphenated
foodstuffs – why not just food, or foods?
franchiser (not -or)
freebase – one word
free-standing
fulfil ends with one l – fulfilment but fulfilling and fulfilled
fulsome means unpleasant, distasteful, unctuous. It does not mean ample. Fulsome praise is not something you’d want
fund-raising
g
gas station – use fuel station
general – as in general rule, general principle, general overview etc – sack the redundant general
Glo – not glo
glycerin – no final e. Also known as glycerol
government positions, unusual terms for – many governments give unusual names to their ministers and other officials. If in doubt, explain: the chancellor of the exchequer (Britain’s finance minister), the secretary of state (the US foreign-affairs minister).
grass roots (noun), grass-roots (adjective)
grey
groundbreaking
h
haemorrhage
handheld is one word
he and she – when talking about hypothetical people in the abstract (for example, in a story on consumer behaviour) many writers understandably wish to avoid using just the pronoun he, but alternating he and she can often look contrived, while s/he is plain ugly. A simple solution is to use other, non-gender-specific terms: the user, the customer, the consumer, the vaper, and of course they.
head shop – two words (see smart shop below)
head start
heat-not-burn – HnB can be used as an abbreviation only after being bracketed on first use: heat-not-burn (HnB)
Heets a.k.a. HeatSticks – lower-case (not HEETS). Heets and HeatSticks are PMI names for its consumables for Iqos and should never be used to refer to any other product; Neostiks for Glo are a competitor product – BAT does not make Heets and there cannot be any Heets Neostiks!
high street – not capped when referring to the generic British retail environment, but the names of particular streets (e.g. Hampstead High Street) are capped. The American semi-equivalent, Main Street, is capped even in the generic sense.
high-tech rather than hi-tech, but avoid the phrase anyway
HM Revenue & Customs. HMRC is OK on subsequent use
Holland – use the Netherlands (or just Netherlands in a headline), though Dutch is OK as an adjective
House Bill, Senate Bill – capped. Abbreviate as HB, SB with a space after: HB 361
hyphenation can add to clarity but it can also look fussy. Use it where necessary: nicotine containing e-liquid (were such a thing possible) would be the exact inverse of nicotine-containing e-liquid, but a distribution-management company would be just the same unhyphenated.
As for hyphenation within words, our general preference is to use unhyphenated forms where possible, e.g. multicoloured not multi-coloured. But if the word might look strange or unfamiliar without a hyphen, we can hyphenate it, e.g. pre-filled not prefilled.
i
i.e. and e.g. – full points, but try not to use them
imply and infer – writers and speakers imply something by hinting at it; anyone can infer something by deducing it. The article implies the product is faulty. I inferred from your tone that you were angry.
important/relevant – often used by our non-English writers where significant or major might be more natural in English
in a statement – almost always redundant: said is usually enough; told ECigIntelligence is much better than said in a statement to ECigIntelligence
in the near future – what’s wrong with soon?
in-built – use built-in instead
incidence rate – means specifically frequency of occurences over time, not to be used as a synonym for e.g. levels of use
in-house
in-store
inches – abbreviate in – 3in. But metric measurements are much preferred
include and comprise – their implications differ. Use include where you are mentioning just some of a set: Popular pets include cats, dogs, and hamsters. Use comprise where you are referring to all of them: The pack comprised a dozen dogs.
initials – don’t assume that terms such as SE, FDA, TPD, EU-CEG, EEA, WHO etc. are instantly understood – spell them out first time, with the initials in brackets
initials in people’s names take full points – John Q. Public. But there is no need to use them unless the person is always known that way, or there is some other strong reason. If more than one initial, no space: J.Q. Public.
instalment
internal links – rather than clumsily saying “As our regulatory report blah blah”, let’s try simply to embed links to our reports into natural statements: so
“Finland’s vaping regulations are among the strictest in the EU” rather than “As stated in our regulatory report, Finland’s vaping regulations are…”
Wherever possible, links in TobaccoIntelligence should go to the relevant articles within TobaccoIntelligence, rather than to their ECigIntelligence equivalents.
internet – lower-case
in vivo, in vitro – italics
Ipsos (market research company). It is Ipsos MORI in the UK, but not in the US
Iqos – now with a capital initial only
Iqos kit: the box which includes the charger, the holder (collectively, the “device”) and cables
Iqos holder: what you put the Heets in and your mouth around
Iqos charger: what you put the holder in (said to look like a mobile phone)
Heets (in some markets known as HeatSticks): the tobacco-containing consumables
Ireland can usually be used for the Irish Republic. Where there is scope for confusion, be explicit: Irish Republic, Northern Ireland. Don’t use Eire, Ulster, Southern Ireland. The language is Irish, not Gaelic. The parliament (of the Republic) as a whole is the Oireachtas; the Dail is the lower house, the Seanead (senate) the upper. (Referring to the whole caboodle as the Dail is a common error.)
irregardless – use regardless
-ise or -ize – we use -ise – organise, realise. Of course, if a company or organisation or publication or product name uses the z, follow that style. The World Health Organization is a notable example, as is the ISO.
ISO – the ISO is the International Organization for Standardization – note the zs and that it is not the International Standards Organisation
ISO standards – space after – e.g. ISO 9001
j
job titles – we don’t capitalise job titles unless they are truly one-of-a-kind to the extent that they can identify a person without the person’s name (Dalai Lama); or, in very rare cases, when they are so unusual that it wouldn’t be obvious it’s a job title to someone who didn’t already know (Grand Mufti, just maybe Chancellor of the Exchequer). But if you wish, abbreviate CEO (chief executive officer), CFO (chief financial officer), and VP (vice-president). Do not abbreviate managing director to MD because of the scope for confusion with medical doctors.
judgement
Juul – only aninitial capital
k
kick-start
kilogram is abbreviated kg – lower-case. One kilogram is approximately 2.2 pounds
know-how
l
lakh and crore – in Indian usage, these refer to the numbers 100,000 and 10m respectively, especially when describing sums of money. Translate them to conventional numbers.
land-grab
Länder – itals, cap L
Latin – try to use English where possible. As such rather than per se, in its entirety rather than in toto. But Latin is not banned, per se. Familiar Latin terms that have more or less passed into English, such as ad hoc, do not need to be italicised but the longer and less familiar (de gustibus non est disputandum) should be.
lawmaker
lawsuit
legal cases, italicising of names – lawyers frequently refer to important cases with a short form of their name in italics. Thus, writing about the case of Smith and Featherstonehaugh vs Jones, they might say “the court held in Jones that the article did not apply”. We try to avoid this, and instead say the court held in the Jones case that…. But if there’s no easy way round it, you can cite cases this way, italicising the name.
legislation – give the full name of pieces of legislation on first mention, capitalised as a title. Afterwards it can be abbreviated. Thus, the Bananas, Pyjamas, Unicorns and Unicycles Act 2005 on first use; thereafter the Bananas and Pyjamas Act or whatever other expression is commonly used. Avoid the gimmicky Washington habit of referring to legislation by contrived acronyms unless it is genuinely best known that way.
less / fewer – fewer refers to numbers, less refers to quantities: so there is less smoking, but fewer people smoke
licence – noun
license – verb
life cycle
line-up is hyphenated when a noun
links – make sure these open in a new tab; see also click here above
liquor – use alcohol instead
lithium-ion
lockdown – noun; lock down – verb
longfill – one word, no hyphen; a 60 ml bottle containing a 20 ml flavour base (see also shortfill below)
Luxembourg
m
macro-economic
man hour
marketplace
measurements – use the metric system with the standard abbreviations, and a space between the number and the abbreviation: 1 kg, 6 km, 32 mg/ml. But don’t be obsessive about conversion – “He felt he was two inches from death”, not “He felt he was roughly 5 cm from death”.
medical and epidemiological terminology – be extremely careful of terms like morbidity and prevalence unless you are absolutely sure of their meaning. Also bear in mind that the reader may well not understand them.
member states – no caps; generally also good to specify on first mention what they are members of (i.e. usually EU member states)
mid-market
mid-year
midrange
mid-term
Midwest – but use it only geographically (it is not a synonym for “conservative small-town America”)
million – abbreviated m – 10m; so $62m not $62million, 2.8m vapers not 2,800,000
mindset
minors – While it is now 18 in most countries, the age of majority is not the same everywhere (Wikipedia has a useful list here); it is therefore vital in cases of age-related regulation to specify the relevant age – and in that case the word “minors” will usually become redundant, e.g. under-18s, not minors under the age of 18 etc.
minuscule, not miniscule
misdemeanor
mod – lower-case
modified risk tobacco product – not caps and not hyphenated. Only use the term to refer to the specific US legal concept
money – currency comes before the figure, so €200 not 200€, AUD3m not 3m AUD etc
Mr X, Dr Y etc – no need for them; see names below
multichannel
multicoloured
multifunctional
multinational
multipurpose
Muslims, not Moslems or any other term. The religion is Islam, but the term Islamists is limited to adherents who take specific political views
Myblu (but note Blu above)
n
n for sample size should not be capped; capital N stands for overall population size
Nafta is the North American Free Trade Agreement comprising Canada, the US and Mexico. Spell out on first use
names – on first mention, Jane Doe, John Smith etc, thereafter just Doe, Smith – no need to clutter things up with Mr, Ms, Dr, Prof or any other title
nanoparticle
Nasdaq is all caps and should be referred to as the NASDAQ when a noun – Acme listed on the NASDAQ in January
Nato membership is not very relevant to e-cigarettes, so it can be deleted from the background material in country reports
Neostiks – without a ‘c’ – are BAT’s consumables for Glo; they should never be confused with PMI’s Heets or any other competitor product
new year is uncapped, except in reference to New Year’s Eve and New Year’s Day
Njoy
no-one
non-combustible
non-exclusive
non-executive
nonexistent
non-stop
nonprofit
Nu Mark and Numark – Nu Mark with a space is the Altria brand, Numark without is the UK pharmacy.
number ranges – express both numbers fully, although currencies, units of measurement etc need only be appended once. $10,000-20,000. 50-60 kg. 10m-20m people.
numbered lists in text (for legislative provisions etc): (1), (2). But wherever possible, use bullet points instead
numbers – spell out one to ten, use figures thereafter: one, two, ten, 11, 1000, 10,000, 1m, 1bn, 1tn. Where a range is being given and would include both a spelled-out number and a numerical figure, use numerical figures for both: thus, 5-11, not five-11. A billion is a thousand million, a trillion is a thousand billion.
Numbers take decimal points when they are broken down into cents and pence – not commas. So €8.47 not €8,47 and 29.9% not 29,9%. We use commas to break up complete numbers with more than three digits: €2,000 times ten is €20,000.
o
OEM – stands for original equipment manufacturer
offence
off-site
offshore, onshore
OK is OK
on-site
on-stream
ongoing, but don’t over-use the term, especially not on an ongoing basis
online, offline
organism – unlike French ‘organisme’, this cannot mean a group of people; use organisation, body etc
outnumber
outpace
outperform
outside – no need to follow it with of
outsource
don’t over-exaggerate – just exaggerate is exaggeration enough
over-ride
over-rule
overestimate
own-brand as an adjective is hyphenated
Oxford commas are never objectionable, and sometimes essential for understanding – the president, a sexist, and a racist refers to three people; the president, a sexist and a racist just one
oxidation (not oxidisation)
p
passers-by
percentages are written as 99%. Be careful when dealing with percentages of percentages. If sales increase from $1m to $1.4m, and $200,000 of that is thanks to a new widget, it is correct to say the widget raised sales by 20% and also to say that half the increase in sales was thanks to the widget. It is wrong to say that of the sales growth, 20% was down to the widget. Also be careful with progressions of percentages. If the cost of the widget increases by 10% each quarter, it goes $100, $110, $121, $133.10, and so on, not $100, $110, $120, $130.
personal names – use the full name on first reference, John Smith, then just the surname, Smith. Generally there’s no need for appendages like Jr. and III. If an initial is necessary, it takes a full point – John X. Smith.
PG (propylene glycol) – spell out. See also VG
pH
Philip Morris: We should not refer to any tobacco company simply as Philip Morris, though the error is common in the general media. Within the US, the group is now known as Altria (rhyming with Maria). Philip Morris USA is a part of this group, but e-cigs are made by another part, Nu Mark. Because it can become extremely confusing trying to explain corporate structures to readers – and largely unnecessary – we refer to them all, collectively, as Altria unless there is a powerful reason to be more precise.
Everywhere else in the world, there is a completely separate company called Philip Morris International, often abbreviated to PMI. This is the maker of Iqos.
Altria and Philip Morris International both grew out of the former Philip Morris Companies but they are now distinct – neither is a subsidiary of the other. They do collaborate extremely closely (for example by licensing each other’s products) and there has been speculation that they may re-combine into a single company again.
Note there is only one l in Philip.
photo credits go at the end of the article (after notes on the author, if present) and are in the format: Photo: John Smith
place names – hard and fast rules are difficult here, but use the most commonly accepted English spelling, not the local one – thus Brussels and Milan, not Bruxelles and Milano. But where an older Anglicised spelling has been supplanted by a new one that is now mainstream in English, use the new one: so Beijing and Mumbai, not Peking and Bombay. Major world cities can stand without further clarification: for smaller places, indicate the country or, in the case of American cities, the state. Thus London, Tokyo, Chicago but Dundee, Scotland and Portland, Oregon. The key question is: will a reader in a different country understand which city I mean from the city name alone?
plethora implies more than necessary, not just an abundance
pod, mod, pod mod – all lower-case
pointed out – be careful of this, as it implies that a speaker is perhaps reluctantly admitting something we know to be true; better to use a simple said or suggested (see also acknowledged, above)
point-of-sale – a place where things are sold, not to be confused with a selling-point, which is a reason to buy
policy-making
political parties – use the correct names: Conservative not Tory, Labour not Socialist, Republican not GOP
PR – spell out public relations on first use if there is any scope for confusion
pre-approval
pre-date
pre-determined
pre-empt
pre-filed
pre-filled
pre-installed
premarket is not hyphenated, primarily because the FDA doesn’t do it that way. PMTA = premarket tobacco product application
pre-tax
price tag
profit is singular – the company made a profit of $1m, not profits of $1m
psychologists, psychiatrists and psychoanalysts – psychologists are scientists who study the mind, and may treat mental illness, but are not doctors. Psychiatrists are medically qualified doctors. A psychoanalyst is a type of psychiatrist. In the ECigIntelligence context, we are more likely to encounter psychologists than the other two kinds.
public health is a distinct discipline from clinical medicine, largely concerned with issues such as epidemiology. In the jargon, it looks at health at a “population level” rather than at the individual level as doctors do, and is not concerned with individual patients’ outcomes. So not every health issue involving members of the public is a public-health issue. Public-health often needs to be hyphenated to make it clear that the word “public” belongs with “health” and not with another word later in the sentence – for example, a public-health announcement might well differ from a public health announcement.
pure-play is hyphenated as a noun or adjective describing a company focusing on one line of business
q
quarters – spell out the quarters of the year. The fourth quarter of this year, not Q4 2014
quitline
quotes – introduced by a colon unless a mere fragment contained within a sentence. Barnaby Page said: “The best style is whatever readers can understand best.” Establish who is speaking right away – by the end of the first sentence at the latest. “It’s important not to confuse our readers,” said Page.
quote marks – should always be smart (‘like this’) not straight, except when denoting inches, seconds or other units of measurement – in which circumstances they should always be straight. Use double quotes, except for quotes within quotes, in headlines or crossheads, where you should use single quote marks.
r
R&D (research and development) is all caps, has no spaces and doesn’t need to be spelled out
re-enter
rebrand
rebuild
reinstate
reintroduce
reinvent
relaunch
relevant/important – often used by our non-English writers where significant or major might be more natural in English
re-normalise
reopen
republish
repurpose
restart
rethink
reuse
Reynolds: Correctly naming the Reynolds businesses can be confusing. The main company is Reynolds American. This owns a number of subsidiaries, including RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company (which sells major combustible brands) and RJ Reynolds Vapor Company (which sells the Vuse e-cigarette).
For our purposes, we will normally be talking about RJ Reynolds Vapor Company, but if in doubt about exactly which arm of the empire is involved in a story, Reynolds American is a fine catch-all.
After first reference or in headlines, either can be referred to as Reynolds. But do not use RJ Reynolds on its own.
All the Reynolds companies have, since 2017, been owned by British American Tobacco (BAT), which was previously a large shareholder.
ring-fence
ringgit (Malaysian currency) – plural is also ringgit
roadmap is one word, but avoid it
rollout as a noun is one word, as a verb it’s two – roll out. Don’t use it too much; there’s nothing wrong with launch, for example
rouble – Russian currency (but use RUB when stating a specific sum)
round table has no hyphen when a noun, but is hyphenated when adjectival: a round-table discussion
round-up – noun; round up – verb
rubber-stamp (verb)
rulemaking – one word (we only do this for consistency with the way the FDA spells out ANPRM)
Russia, not Russian Federation. The language is Russian, the alphabet is Cyrillic. For its predecessor, use Soviet Union or USSR, preceded by “the former”.
s
7-Eleven is the name of the convenience-store chain
sales force
sales tax – often a preferable term to VAT
salesperson
sanction – one of those awkward words with two contradictory meanings; better to use penalties or penalised, or a phrase such as “renders X liable to a fine of…” when that’s what meant
sanitary – public health; the “Sanitary Inspection” is the public health inspectorate
Sao Paulo
Scandinavia properly comprises Norway, Sweden and Denmark. Use Nordic nations if you want to include Finland and Iceland too
SEC – Securities and Exchange Commission (US stock-market regulator) – spell out on first use
secondhand as an adjective, but second hand when describing hearsay. I heard about the secondhand bookshop at second hand.
secondhand smoke
series A, series B (funding)
setup – noun; set up – verb
shake and vape – not Shake n Vape or any other variant; if an abbreviation is required, it is SnV – but use sparingly, and always introduce in brackets after spelling out shake and vape in full first time
shake-up – noun; shake up – verb
shall – unless in direct quotation – is usually better rendered as must, should, sometimes will, or even just is (“the fee is” not “the fee shall be”)
shareholder
shortfill – one word, no hyphen; a 60 ml bottle containing a 50 ml flavour base (see also longfill above)
short-lived
shortlist
SI units have spaces before, even when adjectival. The widget weighed 2 kg. There is a 1 mm gap
sideline
simplistic – use simple unless you really mean something is excessively simple
slowdown – noun; slow down – verb
smart shop – two words (but prefer head shop to avoid ambiguity)
Smok – lower-case (not SMOK)
smokable
smoke-free
smoke shop – prefer tobacconist
snus – lower-case
SnV – see shake and vape above
socioeconomic
speciality not specialty
specialized / specialised – in nearly every case specialist is better (a specialist vape store, not a specialized one)
species of living things – the Latin names are italicised and the first word is capitalised, but not the second. Thus Tyrannosaurus rex, Homo sapiens. They can be abbreviated after first mention in the form T. rex, H. sapiens, etc
stakeholder – but try to avoid it
standalone
startup – noun; start up – verb
states of the US – it is not necessary to append the word state to a state name unless there is scope for confusion with a city. So: Kentucky, Louisiana, but Washington state, New York state (but even then you don’t need state if it is obvious from context). Spell state names out in full. The word state does not need an initial capital.
statement – the phrase “in a statement” is probably always redundant; how else does anyone state anything?
statistics – do not employ statistical terms such as mean, correlation, and distribution unless you are confident of their meaning, which is often not that given to them in everyday English – unless, of course, it is obvious from the context that you are using a term such as average in a non-technical sense.
stepping stone
stock exchanges – name the city, not just the country; so the Frankfurt stock exchange, not the German stock exchange
stockpile
stopgap
subcategory
subcommittee
subsector
subset
superscript – don’t use it!
symbol stores – explain in brackets: (a grouping of independent stores with shared branding)
t
tables, with or without shading, should have a border value of 1 and cellpadding of 3 in the HTML
tables of contents are not bolded
tailor-made
take-up (noun)
tamper-proof
task force
taxpayer
temperatures – -40 degrees C, +30 degrees F
Ten Motives
tense – don’t get tense about tense; reading easily and sounding right is more important than absolute consistency. But as a general rule: use the present for things that continue to be true (the association believes the regulations are unfair, there are 6m vapers) and the past for things that happened once and are no longer happening (she said it was unacceptable, the company filed a lawsuit).
Tesco (not TESCO, and certainly not Tesco’s) is a UK supermarket chain
test bed
test-market as a verb, test market without the hyphen as a noun to describe an area or region
theatre – use cinema or movie theatre to describe a place where films are shown
think tank
Tim Phillips is managing director (MD) of ECigIntelligence
timeframe
times of day – 3am, 5:30pm etc (note the colon, and the absence of a space before pm)
timescale
titles – titles of books, magazines, newspapers, films, TV shows, websites etc are capitalised, but are not italicised or in quote marks. The Turn of the Screw, The Huffington Post. However, titles of articles within journals, chapters within books, etc, should be within double quote marks and have an initial cap only. “An analysis of e-cigarette usage among teenagers” was published in The British Journal of Whatever. Titles of legal acts or bills are capitalised – e.g. the Tobacco Act, the Protection of Young Persons Bill
TMA – the US trade body is the Tobacco Merchants Association (not Manufacturers – that’s the British one)
tobacco-alternative products – not tobacco-alternatives products (can also just be called tobacco alternatives, or alternatives to tobacco)
Tobacco Control Act (US). The full name is the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009; use this on the first mention, at least in detailed legal pieces. The short name is the Tobacco Control Act: not the Tobacco Act or TCA.
totalled, fuelled etc – double ll
traditional – avoid when describing things such as technologies and business models which are not really traditional at all in the normal sense of the word, but merely have a few years’ history; consider existing, accustomed, usual, conventional and so on instead. The same caveat applies to historically.
traditional retail – used to distinguish from vape stores; but prefer mainstream
trailblazing
transatlantic
trendsetter
trillion – abbreviated tn – 3tn
turnaround – noun; turn round – verb
tweeted – no need for said in a tweet or wrote on their Twitter account etc
u
US rather than USA or United States. Can be used as both adjective and noun – US distributors, manufacturers in the US. Now without points, to be consistent with UK etc. Take care with American, which is liable to upset both pedants and Canadians.
UK – comprises (at least for now…) four countries (England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland). Great Britain comprises only the first three, and the term should be avoided. But British is an acceptable adjectival form to refer to the whole of the UK. Remember, though, that laws passed at Westminster are often specific to England and Wales and separate legislation is required for Scotland and Northern Ireland, so be careful using “British” in that context. There are also some island territories (Isle of Man, Channel Islands) with idiosyncratic legal status, but we’re unlikely to need to cover them. The Republic of Ireland is an entirely independent nation.
Ukraine not the Ukraine
ultrafine
ultraportable
under the terms of the agreement is usually a redundant phrase
under-age. Remember that the ages at which particular things are legally permitted vary around the world. There is no global definition of “a minor” that you can automatically apply to all discussions.
underestimate
undersecretary
undervalue
upmarket, downmarket
upside, downside
v
vape store
vaporise not vapourise, but vapour not vapor, per our general preference for British English spellings
vaporiser – see vaporise above
vapour – the stuff that comes out of an e-cig to be inhaled is vapour (with a u), not vape or steam (and certainly not smoke!!). If pushed, you can use aerosol for variety, but some people dispute that it’s accurate, and in any case it might be confusing to vary terminology
VG (vegetable glycerin) – spell out. See also PG
vice-president (but VP is OK, though of course it should not be used to refer to the vice-president of a country)
vice-versa
volts – lower-case when spelled out, but the abbreviation is cap V. 5V
vs (in names of court cases) – Smith vs Jones
w
Walgreens (no apostrophe)
Wall Street can be used generically to refer to the New York financial industry, but for international clarity, don’t abbreviate it to the Street.
Walmart
-ward words – toward (not towards), upward, forward
water pipe, when referring to the smoking alternative (and also when referring to the plumbing infrastructure, come to think of it)
web – lower-case, no need to say worldwide
web domains as company or business names – generally you can use the brand without the .com (or other top-level domain) – Google, not Google.com
website – one unhyphenated word, lower-case
WEEE is the EU Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment and should be spelled out on first use
well-being
western world
while not whilst
white paper
whitewash
WHO – World Health Organization – in capitals (and note the z when spelled out in full)
-wide words – generally don’t hyphenate well-known constructions – thus worldwide, nationwide, statewide – but do hyphenate the less well-known ones: store-wide, Europe-wide, city-wide
Wild West
willpower
workplace
World War I, World War II
y
year-on-year
year ranges: give in full: 2004-2011
years of age – nearly always redundant (what else does “under 18” mean?)
Style guide introduction / general principles >

